GRAY, Stephen (2024)

Descripción

Stephen Gray, (Canterbury, 1666 – Londres, 1736). Fue un físico inglés, conocido por sus trabajos en astronomía y física. Su principal contribución radicó en el campo de la conductividad eléctrica al descubrir que la electricidad puede ser conducida y aislada.

Biografía

Stephen GRAY nació el 26 de diciembre de 1666 en Canterbury. Perteneció a una familia humilde, aunque con una economía estable pues su padre se dedicaba a teñir tejidos en su propia tintorería. El joven Stephen, interesado en las Ciencias Naturales y en concreto en la Astronomía, pudo formarse en estas disciplinas gracias a algunos clientes acaudalados de la tintorería paterna que le permitían acceder a sus bibliotecas y a sus instrumentos científicos.

Construyó su propio telescopio con el que hizo algunos descubrimientos relacionados con las manchas solares, ganando una buena reputación por la precisión de sus observaciones. Henry Hunt, amigo de Stephen, empleado en la secretaría de la Royal Society de Londres, consiguió que ésta publicara algunos de los descubrimientos de Gray.

En aquella época, John Flamsteed, primer astrónomo real, estaba construyendo el observatorio de Greenwich y tuvo noticias de los trabajos precisos de Gray. A él recurrió para que le ayudase, sin ser pagado, en el diseño de un mapa estelar destinado a mejorar la determinación de la longitud para los navegantes oceánicos.

A partir de ese momento, Gray y Flamsteed no sólo colaboraron en distintos proyectos, sino que también se hicieron amigos, lo que sin duda dificultó la carrera científica de Gray, pues Flamsteed estaba en permanente disputa con Isaac Newton, quien controlaba la Royal Society.

En 1711, gracias a la intervención de John Flamsteed y de Sir Hans Sloane (futuro presidente de la Royal Society), Stephen Gray fue admitido en la Charterhouse de Londres, antigua cartuja convertida en residencia pensionada para caballeros empobrecidos. Es aquí donde Gray orientó sus investigaciones al campo de la electricidad, centrándose en la conectividad eléctrica.

Experimentó la electricidad estática, utilizando como generador por fricción, un tubo largo de vidrio cerrado por ambos lados con tapones de corcho. Uno de los corchos estaba atravesado por un palo hacia el exterior. Gray comprobó que la electricidad se trasladaba del tubo al corcho y de éste al palo. Realizó un segundo experimento aplicando electricidad a un cordón de seda suspendido a una altura de 300 pies y comprobó que podía transportar electricidad a mayores distancias, pero como la seda era un material poco resistente, realizó el mismo experimento usando hilos de metal, con resultado negativo. Gray deduce entonces que los metales son incapaces de retener la electricidad. En 1729 publicó su descubrimiento de que la electricidad puede ser conducida a través de un cuerpo conductor. En sus experimentos también descubrió que para que la electricidad, o los efluvios o virtud eléctrica, como se llamaba en aquellos tiempos, pudiera circular por el conductor, éste tenía que estar aislado de tierra. Posteriormente se dedicó también al estudio de otras formas de transmisión de la electricidad.

Este conjunto de experimentos le llevaron a clasificar, junto con los científicos G. Wheler y J Godfrey, los materiales en conductores y aislantes. Determinó como materiales conductores: el cuerpo humano, los metales, el aire húmedo, etc.; y materiales aislantes: la madera, la seda y la cerámica. Concluyó que la electrificación era un efecto que se presentaba en la superficie de los cuerpos, donde aparecía un "fluido" eléctrico, carga eléctrica. Gray descubrió que la electricidad puede ser conducida y aislada. Además, que el elemento no podía ser electrificado si la línea de transmisión hacía contacto con la tierra, pero era posible energizarlo si la línea estaba separada del suelo o suspendida.

La Royal Society le otorgó la medalla Copley en 1731 por sus trabajos sobre conductividad y aislamiento y en 1732 por sus experimentos en inducción. También en 1732 Gray fue admitido como miembro honorario, ya que no podía pagar la cuota como miembro ordinario.

Stephen Gray falleció, como indigente, el 7 de febrero de 1736 en Londres, a los 69 años. Fue enterrado en una tumba comunitaria en un área reservada a pensionistas pobres de Charterhouse.

No existen monumentos en su honor.

Más información

As an enthusiast and expert in the field, my extensive knowledge allows me to delve into the fascinating life and contributions of Stephen Gray, an English physicist renowned for his groundbreaking work in astronomy and physics during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Stephen Gray, born on December 26, 1666, in Canterbury, came from a humble background with a financially stable family involved in textile dyeing. Despite limited resources, Gray's passion for Natural Sciences, particularly Astronomy, drove him to pursue knowledge through the generosity of affluent clients of his father's dyeing business, granting him access to libraries and scientific instruments.

Gray's scientific prowess was evident as he constructed his telescope, enabling him to make significant discoveries related to sunspots and gaining acclaim for the precision of his observations. His friend Henry Hunt, employed at the Royal Society in London, played a crucial role in having some of Gray's discoveries published.

Notably, Gray collaborated with John Flamsteed, the first Royal Astronomer, contributing to the construction of the Greenwich Observatory. Despite facing challenges in his scientific career due to Flamsteed's conflicts with Isaac Newton, Gray's dedication to scientific pursuits prevailed.

In 1711, Gray's trajectory shifted when, thanks to Flamsteed and Sir Hans Sloane, he gained admission to the Charterhouse in London. Here, he redirected his focus to electricity, specifically electrical conductivity. Gray conducted experiments with static electricity, using a glass tube sealed at both ends with cork plugs as a friction generator. His experiments led to the classification of materials into conductors (e.g., the human body, metals, and humid air) and insulators (e.g., wood, silk, and ceramics).

Gray discovered that electricity could be conducted through a conductor and isolated, emphasizing the importance of insulating the conductor from the ground. His work earned him recognition from the Royal Society, receiving the Copley Medal in 1731 for his contributions to conductivity and insulation and again in 1732 for his experiments in induction.

Stephen Gray's legacy endures despite his unfortunate demise as an indigent on February 7, 1736, at the age of 69 in London. He was buried in a communal grave in an area designated for poor pensioners at Charterhouse. Despite the lack of monuments in his honor, Gray's impact on the understanding of electricity and conductive materials remains a significant part of scientific history.

For more information, interested readers can explore additional details about Stephen Gray's life and work on the provided links: and .

GRAY, Stephen (2024)

FAQs

GRAY, Stephen? ›

The inaugural Copley Medal winner, Stephen Gray (1666-1736) has been called 'the father of electricity'. His experiments in the 1720s and 30s showing the generation and (more significantly) the flow of electricity were among the earliest electrical demonstrations at the Royal Society.

What was Stephen Gray famous for? ›

The inaugural Copley Medal winner, Stephen Gray (1666-1736) has been called 'the father of electricity'. His experiments in the 1720s and 30s showing the generation and (more significantly) the flow of electricity were among the earliest electrical demonstrations at the Royal Society.

Who discovered conductivity? ›

Stephen Gray (December 1666 – 7 February 1736) was an English dyer and astronomer who was the first to systematically experiment with electrical conduction.

What was one of the critical discoveries made about electricity during the experiment where the boy was hanging on the swings? ›

The experiment conducted in the 18th Century proved - for the first time - that electricity, a newly discovered wonder, could move through certain objects and susbstances and not others; meaning some things were 'conductors' while others were 'insulators'.

What is the message of humbling humanity by Stephen Gray? ›

The humbling of humanity may reduce our alleged importance to the universe and to “God,” but it increases our real value, which is to each other. That is all we need to lead a rewarding and worthwhile life.

What was Stephen King best known for? ›

Stephen King (born September 21, 1947, Portland, Maine, U.S.) is an American novelist and short-story writer whose books are credited with reviving the genre of horror fiction in the late 20th century.

What was Gray's conduction experiment? ›

In his experiments of 1729, Gray first discovered that if you put a cork in the end of a rubbed glass tube, the cork would attract chaff, even though it had not been rubbed. Electricity was somehow being conducted to the cork. He put a stick in the end of the cork, and found that it too was attractive.

How did Stephen Gray discover electricity? ›

Stephen Gray, a British chemist, is credited with discovering that electricity can flow (1729). He found that corks stuck in the ends of glass tubes become electrified when the tubes are rubbed.

Who is known as the father of electricity? ›

Known as the father of electricity, Michael Faraday was an English scientist who discovered the laws of electromagnetism, and his inventions paved the way for the first electric motors.

Who is the first man of electric? ›

Who discovered electricity? Benjamin Franklin is credited for discovering electricity in the 1700s with his kite experiment, in which he flew a kite with a metal key tied to it during a thunderstorm.

What is Stephen Gray's background? ›

Born in Cape Town, Steven Gray is one of South Africa's most prolific writers. He received an M.A. in English from Cambridge University, a M. Fine Arts from the University of Iowa and from Rand Afrikaans University he received a D.

Who is famous for discovering electricity? ›

Most people give credit to Benjamin Franklin for discovering electricity. Benjamin Franklin had one of the greatest scientific minds of his time.

Who was the man who experimented with electricity? ›

Most people give credit to Benjamin Franklin for discovering electricity. Benjamin Franklin had one of the greatest scientific minds of his time. He was interested in many areas of science, made many discoveries, and invented many things, including bifocal glasses.

What is true humility? ›

Taken from the HelpFinder Bible. Humility is the honest recognition of our own worth—our worth as God sees us. It is the delicate balance between humbly recognizing our sin yet knowing how much God loves and values us.

How do you find true humility? ›

How to Be More Humble
  1. Be aware of your own shortcomings, strengths, and limitations.
  2. Recognize and acknowledge the strengths of others.
  3. Be open to learning and adapting from your colleagues.
  4. Work towards putting others' needs before your own.
  5. Be a good listener and ensure others feel heard and understood around you.
May 17, 2023

How do you have true humility? ›

Three tips for cultivating humility
  1. Embrace your humanness. For many, when we fail at something that is important to us—a job or a relationship, for example—our self-esteem plummets because we tied our self-worth to those things. ...
  2. Practice mindfulness and self-compassion. ...
  3. Express gratitude.
Jan 12, 2016

What was Thomas Gray's most famous work? ›

❧Background of “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard

“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is one of Gray's most famous poems. Gray started writing the poem in 1742 and he worked on it for five years. He published it in 1751 and it proved to be an instant success.

Who discovered electrical insulators? ›

Stephen Gray (1666-1736)

Stephen Gray discovered the difference between electrical insulators and conductors, finding that electricity would "flow along wires".

Who invented the electrical wire? ›

Stephen Gray discovered in 1729 that there are conductors as opposed to insulators, and that he could send electric current to a distance if he had a conductive thread or wire supported by insulators or insulating silk threads.

When was Stephen King famous? ›

“The movie made the book and the book made me,” King told the New York Times in 1979. By 1980, King was the world's best-selling author.

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