Arabic Alphabet: All the Letters Explained - Busuu (2024)

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Arabic alphabet in detail: 4 important concepts to be aware of

1. Most Arabic letters have four different forms

In the chart above, you’ll see that we’ve listed four different ‘forms’ for each letter. This is because, with a couple of exceptions, most letters have four different forms, depending on how and where they appear:

• The isolated form is how a letter is written when by itself, mostly for instructional purposes (the exceptions to this rule are unfriendly letters – but we’re covering those next.
• The end form is how the letter appears when at the end of a word (remember, this is the far left).
• The middle form is how the letter appears with letters on both sides of it, and the end form is how it appears at the end of a word (remember, this is at the far left).
• The initial form is how the letter appears when at the start of a word (remember, this is at the far right).

2. Unfriendly letters create exceptions to the rule

When you look at Arabic text, you may notice that the Arabic letters in words can ‘flow’ together (think of it as joined up handwriting, otherwise known as cursive!).

Take the Arabic word كتاب (book), pronounced kitab.

The individual Arabic letters in the word are ك ت ا ب – but together, they look quite different.

Some letters welcome this flow, while others don’t. Unfriendly letters (the clue’s in the name!) are the ones that don’t.

The 6 unfriendly letters in Arabic

While most letters are happy to sit next to the letter that follows it, a select six are more ‘anti-social’.

Here are the six Arabic letters that don’t join up with the letter following them. Instead, they form a break in the middle of a word.

1. alif ( أ )
2. waw ( و )
3. dal ( د )
4. dhal ( ذ )
5. raa ( ر )
6. zay ( ز )

Let’s take the word باب (door), pronounced bab, as an example.

The first and last character are the baa ( ب ) character, and the middle is the unfriendly alif ( أ ).

The first baa flows straight into the alif, but the unfriendly alif causes a clean break. The next baab is written the same as an isolated letter.

3. The 5 smiley letters change in subtle ways

Can you guess why we call these the smiley letters? Look closely, and you’ll see they almost look like smiley emojis :).

Unlike the unfriendly letters, the smiley letters don’t disrupt the ‘flow’ – these letters follow the same rules as most of the other letters. The only thing that changes is the placement of the dots, from over or under the “smiley mouth” to over or under the vertical line.

1. baa ( ب )
2. taa ( ت )
3. tha ( ث )
4. nun ( ن )
5. yaa ( ي )

Let’s take a look at the word بيت (house), pronounced byat, as an example.

You’ll first see baa joined to yaa –and here, you’ll note that yaa’s two dots move from under the curve to under the line.

Lastly, it’s joined to taa, which finishes the word with a full curve as the end letter.

3. Vowels in Arabic aren’t always visible

Arabic uses a system called Abjad, where each letter stands for a consonant (i.e., there are no vowel letters).

While Arabic doesn’t officially have vowel letters, it does have ways of making long and short vowel sounds.

The 3 Arabic letters that make long vowel sounds

The three letters that function as long vowel sounds in words are:

1. alif ( ا )
2. waw ( و )
3. yaa ( ي )

About the 3 ‘unwritten’ short vowel sounds

Short vowel sounds equivalent to alif ( ا ), waw ( و ) and yaa ( ي ) do exist.

But here’s where it gets hairy. Short vowel sounds were once written with accents (otherwise known as diacretics) above or below their neighbouring letters (the consonants). But over time, modern Arabic has dropped these accent marks. Nowadays, you’ll only see them in texts written in Classical Arabic, like the Qu’uran or in literature.

So how do you know how to pronounce a word in Arabic without vowels? Context and experience. All good things that come with time.